Bismuth

Bismuth subsalicylate metabolism pathway

Bismuth brands available in the market

Usual Adult Dose for Dyspepsia

524 mg orally every 30 to 60 minutes as needed not to exceed 8 doses in any 24 hour period.
Alternatively, 1048 mg to 1050 mg may be given orally every hour not to exceed 4 doses in any 24 hour period.

Comments:
-Use until diarrhea stops but not longer than 2 days.
-Bismuth subsalicylate may be useful in the prevention of traveler's diarrhea during periods of risk. The duration of use for traveler's diarrhea should not exceed approximately 3 weeks.
-Shake liquid formulations well before using.
Usual Adult Dose for Traveler's Diarrhea

524 mg orally every 30 to 60 minutes as needed not to exceed 8 doses in any 24 hour period.
Alternatively, 1048 mg to 1050 mg may be given orally every hour not to exceed 4 doses in any 24 hour period.

Comments:
-Use until diarrhea stops but not longer than 2 days.
-Bismuth subsalicylate may be useful in the prevention of traveler's diarrhea during periods of risk. The duration of use for traveler's diarrhea should not exceed approximately 3 weeks.
-Shake liquid formulations well before using.
Usual Adult Dose for Diarrhea

524 mg orally every 30 to 60 minutes as needed not to exceed 8 doses in any 24 hour period.
Alternatively, 1048 mg to 1050 mg may be given orally every hour not to exceed 4 doses in any 24 hour period.

Comments:
-Use until diarrhea stops but not longer than 2 days.
-Bismuth subsalicylate may be useful in the prevention of traveler's diarrhea during periods of risk. The duration of use for traveler's diarrhea should not exceed approximately 3 weeks.
-Shake liquid formulations well before using.
Usual Adult Dose for Helicobacter pylori Infection

524 mg orally 4 times a day.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Diarrhea

Non-specific diarrhea:

Bismuth use in ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori.

Bismuth is a naturally occurring mineral that can act as an antacid as well as against H. pylori. Bismuth preparations are now often prescribed along with triple therapy as a component in quadruple therapy for the eradication of H. pylori. The best-known and most widely used bismuth preparation is bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol). However, bismuth subcitrate has produced the best results against H. pylori and in the treatment of non-ulcer-related indigestion as well as peptic ulcers.

Bismuth properties

bismuth (bĭz`məth) [Ger. Weisse Masse=white mass], metallic chemical element; symbol Bi; at. no. 83; at. wt. 208.98040; m.p. 271.3°C;; b.p. about 1,560°C;; sp. gr. 9.75 at 20°C;; valence +3 or +5. Bismuth is a silver-white, reddish-tinged, brittle metallic element with a rhombohedral crystalline structure. It exhibits more metallic properties than the other members of Group 15 of the periodic table periodic table, chart of the elements arranged according to the periodic law discovered by Dmitri I. Mendeleev and revised by Henry G. J. Moseley. In the periodic table the elements are arranged in columns and rows according to increasing atomic number . It occurs free in nature to a small extent. Bismuth does not tarnish in air, but when heated it burns to form yellow fumes of the trioxide. It reacts with the halogens and with sulfur and is dissolved in nitric acid and hot sulfuric acid. Its soluble compounds are poisonous, but some of its insoluble compounds are used in medicine to treat certain gastric disorders and skin injuries. Bismuth is the poorest heat conductor of all the metals except mercury; it is the most diamagnetic of all metals. The major ores of bismuth, bismuthinite (the sulfide), also called bismuth glance, and bismite (the oxide), are found extensively in South America but are rare in the United States, where bismuth is obtained as a byproduct of lead and copper refining. Bismuth expands upon solidification; this unusual property makes it useful in type-metal alloys and for castings. The most important use of bismuth is in the manufacture of low-melting alloys, such as Wood's metal, used in electrical fuses and in automatic fire alarm and sprinkler systems. Bismuth was recognized as a metal by early observers, including Georg Agricola, in the 16th cent., but was believed to be a kind of lead or tin until Claud J. Geoffroy established it as a separate element in 1753

Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a pentavalent poor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silvery white color when freshly produced, but is often seen in air with a pink tinge owing to surface oxidation. Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic and has one of the lowest values of thermal conductivity among metals.

Bismuth metal has been known from ancient times, although until the 18th century it was often confused with lead and tin, which share some physical properties. The etymology is uncertain, but possibly comes from Arabic bi ismid, meaning having the properties of antimony or German words weisse masse or wismuth ("white mass"), translated in the mid sixteenth century to New Latin bisemutum.

Bismuth has long been considered as the element with the highest atomic mass that is stable. However, it was recently discovered to be slightly radioactive: its only primordial isotope bismuth-209 decays with a half life more than a billion times the estimated age of the universe.

Bismuth compounds account for about half the production of bismuth. They are used in cosmetics, pigments, and a few pharmaceuticals, notably Pepto-Bismol. Bismuth has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal. As the toxicity of lead has become more apparent in recent years, there is an increasing use of bismuth alloys (presently about a third of bismuth production) as a replacement for lead.

Antacid—Bismuth has weak antacid properties.

Absorption:

Following oral administration, absorption of the salicylate component from the small intestine is generally rapid and complete (>90%). In contrast to the salicylate, the amount of bismuth absorbed is negligible(99% of the bismuth present in an oral dose); renal.
Salicylate—Renal (primarily excreted as free salicylic acid and conjugated metabolites).

BISMUTH 2-D STRUCTURE

Mechanism of action/Effect:

Antidiarrheal—Exact mechanism has not been determined. Bismuth subsalicylate may exert its antidiarrheal action not only by stimulating absorption of fluid and electrolytes across the intestinal wall (antisecretory action) but also, when hydrolyzed to salicylic acid, by inhibiting synthesis of a prostaglandin responsible for intestinal inflammation and hypermotility. In addition, bismuth subsalicylate binds toxins produced by Escherichia coli . Both bismuth subsalicylate and the intestinal reaction products, bismuth oxychloride and bismuth hydroxide, are believed to have bactericidal action.

Bismuth pink offer antidiarreal antinausic effects apart from antacid property unlike other Antacid preparations