GM from Europe

On December 8, 1991, in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Belarus, the leaders of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Belarus decided to end the Soviet Union and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The preamble to the "Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States" stated: The USSR as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist. " On December 25, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as President of the USSR. On December 30, at a meeting of CIS leaders in Minsk, a decision was made on the final abolition of state structures of the USSR.
In the initial period of the Commonwealth of Independent States, it was seen mainly as a mechanism for civilized divorce of the former Soviet republics and the distribution of property of the USSR. The creation of the CIS was designed to ensure a painless transition from a single union state to a system of sovereign nation-states in place of the former Soviet Union. Unlike the USSR, the Commonwealth is not a state and has no supranational powers.

On December 1, 1991, a nationwide referendum was held on the territory of the former Ukrainian SSR to declare Ukraine's independence. 31,891,742 people took part in the referendum - 84.18% of the population of Ukraine. Of these, 28,804,071 people (90.32%) confirmed the Act of Independence. Gorbachev perceived this event as tragic, which put the country in danger. In contrast, Boris Yeltsin published a statement recognizing Ukraine's independence. The result of the All-Ukrainian referendum put an end to the prospects of preserving the USSR in any form. According to one of the participants, L. Kravchuk: “If we go out to the people and declare that there is no Union and offer nothing in its place, an explosion is inevitable. Wanted transition option »
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The Commonwealth of Independent States was established on December 8, 1991 in the Viskuli estate (Bialowieza Forest, Belarus) as an economic, political and economic union of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. On December 21, eight more former Soviet republics (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) joined under the terms of the Almaty Agreement. On October 23, 1993, Georgia joined the CIS. On August 26, 2005, Turkmenistan left the CIS. Ukraine is a co-founder of the CIS, but Ukraine has not ratified the Charter of the organization, so formally Ukraine was only an observer, not a member of the CIS. On August 14, 2008, the Georgian parliament decided to leave the CIS, and in accordance with the CIS Charter, on August 18, 2009, Georgia officially ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth [3]. On March 19, 2014, Ukraine announced the start of the exit procedure from the CIS [4]. On May 9, 2018, the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko stated that he had signed a decree on the recall of representatives of the country from all statutory bodies of the CIS and in fact from May 19, 2018 Ukraine withdrew from this structure. In August, Ukraine's mission to the CIS was closed. On February 6, 2019, the Ambassador of Ukraine to Minsk Ihor Kyzym announced the completion of the process of Kyiv's withdrawal from the coordinating bodies of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Ukraine's independence was recognized by all former Soviet republics and the world community. States that were not republics of the USSR began to recognize Ukraine's independence after the referendum described above. Poland was the first to recognize Ukraine's independence (December 2, 1991). On the same day, the Prime Minister of Canada, B. Mulroney, stated that Canada recognized Ukraine as an independent state; On December 3, Ukraine was recognized by Hungary; December 4 - Lithuania and Latvia; December 5 - Russia, Bulgaria, Slovenia [2]. By the end of December 1991, declarations of recognition of Ukraine's independence were made by the governments of 68 countries, including the United States, Germany, Britain, Sweden, Italy, and Japan.

On December 21, 1991, at a meeting in Almaty, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan signed the Declaration on the Establishment of the CIS. This meant that the USSR as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceased to exist. Each republic became independent. The CIS is not a state, it has no supranational governance structures. The members of the Commonwealth are completely independent states.

The results of the All-Ukrainian referendum and the election of the President of Ukraine created a qualitatively new political situation in the republic. The final liquidation of the USSR was accelerated.

On December 7-8, 1991, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Belarus, Sergei Shushkevich, the President of the Russian Federation, Yeltsin, and the President of Ukraine, Kravchuk, met in Belovezhskaya Pushcha near Brest. The result was an official statement of the fact of the collapse of the USSR, the conclusion of an agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). However, the Ukrainian parliament has not ratified the accession, and Ukraine has never been a member of the CIS, having only associate membership, which ended in 2018 with the withdrawal from all CIS bodies.

The number of countries participating in the union has grown from the initial six - Belgium, West Germany [nb 4], Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France - to today 27 through successive expansions: by joining treaties, countries limited their sovereignty in exchange for representation in institutions union acting in the common interest [21].

To join the European Union, a candidate country must meet the Copenhagen criteria adopted in June 1993 at a meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen and approved in December 1995 at a meeting of the European Council in Madrid. The criteria require that the state observes democratic principles, the principles of freedom and respect for human rights, as well as the principle of the rule of law. Also, the country must have a competitive market economy, and the common rules and standards of the EU must be recognized, including a commitment to the goals of a political, economic and monetary union.

With 450 million inhabitants inhabiting the countries of the European Union [2], the share of the EU as a whole in the global gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018 was about 23% ($ 21.6 trillion) in purchasing power parity and about 19% (16, 1 trillion dollars) - at the nominal value [3].

Nineteen countries of the European Union have introduced a single currency - the euro, forming the European Economic Union - the eurozone.

In 2012, the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize [19]. 2017 EU awarded Princess of Asturias Prize

in all countries of the Union, a common market was created [12], guaranteeing the free movement (movement) of people, goods, capital and services [13], including the abolition of passport control within the Schengen area, which includes both member states and other European states [14].
As a subject of public international law, the European Union has the authority to participate in international relations and conclude international treaties [15]. A common foreign and security policy has been formed, providing for a coordinated foreign and defense policy. All over the world, permanent EU diplomatic missions have been established, there are representations in the United Nations, the WTO, the G7 and the G20. EU Delegations are led by EU Ambassadors.

European Union (European Union, EU) - economic and political union of 27 European states
The European Union was created by the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, which entered into force on November 1, 1993, on the basis of the European Economic Community and is aimed at regional integration C is an international entity combining the features of an international organization (interstate) and a state (supranational) [however, legally, it is neither nor others.