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In 1895-1896 The first Italo-Ethiopian War or Abyssinian War took place - a war between Italy and Ethiopia, which ended in the victory of the latter. One of the rare cases of successful armed African resistance to European colonialists in the 19th century, as a result of which the independence of Ethiopia was recognized first by Italy and then by other European powers. During this war, the famous writer Leo Tolstoy wrote an anti-war letter to the Italians

The Risorgimento ended in 1870 with the annexation of Rome to the Kingdom of Italy.
The struggle for a united Italy was led by the Carbonari, Young Italy and other organizations, the key figures of which were Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini. By the end of 1860, the territory of Italy was largely united around the Kingdom of Sardinia (from 1861 the Kingdom of Italy). In 1865-1870, the capital was Florence; in 1870, Rome was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, which became the new capital

In 1797, the French army entered Italy, the Cispadane Republic, the Transpadane Republic, the Venetian Republic, the Ligurian Republic, the Piedmontese Republic, the Roman Republic, the Neapolitan Republic were formed, all of which were oligarchic republics. In the same 1797, they united into the Cisalpine Republic, renamed in 1802 into the Italian Republic, which in turn in 1805 was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy, whose king was the Emperor of France Napoleon I. In 1814, the French army left Italy, were restored The Duchy of Modena, the Duchy of Parma, the Kingdom of Naples and the Papal States were restored back in 1799, Piedmont was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia, Emilia - to the Papal States, Lombardy and Veneto - to Austria

By the 15th century, the communes of Tuscany were united around Florence into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Lombardy was united around Milan into the Duchy of Milan, Romagna was united around Ferara into the Duchy of Ferara, all of these states were monarchies. Aristocratic republics remained in Venice and Genoa. In the 16th century, the dominance of Spain was consolidated in a large part of Italy, and after the War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1714, the dominance of the Austrian Habsburgs[

In Northern Italy, a protracted battle for dominance continued for a long time between the forces of the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. Individual cities joined either one belligerent side or the other. In Italy, the struggle of small areas subsequently led to the formation of more extensive states of upper and middle Italy and in almost all cities placed power in the hands of individuals. This contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance culture, since talented people, removed from social and military activities, devoted themselves to art and literature with great zeal. During the Italian wars, Medici dominance was established in Florence.

In 752, the temporal power of the popes was established in the Duchy of Rome, the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Pentapolis, which marked the beginning of the Papal States. In 774, Italy was annexed to the Frankish state. Only in the south did several Lombard duchies survive (the Duchy of Spoleto, the Duchy of Benevento, and later the Principality of Salerno and the Principality of Capua emerged from them). In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne proclaimed himself the new Roman emperor. After the death of his great-grandson Charles III Tolstoy, civil strife began in the Kingdom of Italy

In 555, Italy was reconquered by Byzantium. The entire territory of Italy was divided into duchies led by dukes who were formally subordinates of the Exarch of Ravenna. In 572, part of the duchies of Italy was conquered by the Lombards. Byzantium retained the Duchy of Rome, the Duchy of Naples, the Duchy of Amalfi, the Duchy of Calabria, the Duchy of Pentapolis, the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Republic of Venice, as well as the theme of Sicily (conquered by the Arabs in 956) and the Sardinian judicates. However, both the Lombard and Byzantine dukes increasingly turned into virtually independent rulers

Ancient Rome created the cultural soil for European civilization, having a decisive influence on medieval and subsequent history. Ancient Rome gave the modern world Roman law, some architectural forms and solutions (for example, the cross-dome system) and many other innovations (for example, the water mill). The official language of the ancient Roman state was Latin, the religion was polytheistic for most of its existence, the unofficial emblem of the empire was the golden eagle (aquila), and after the adoption of Christianity, labarums with Chrism appeared.

After the Samnite wars, by 290, Rome made all other Italian peoples dependent on itself. Part of the lands of the non-Roman population of the provinces was transferred to the Romans, Roman settlements - colonies - were founded - thus the Romanization of Italy took place. Under the Roman Emperor Diocletian, a division into provinces was introduced in Italy, headed by presidents and consulars. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the commander Odoacer, a friend by birth, was proclaimed king of Italy, but in 493 his possessions were captured by the Ostrogoths, and he himself was killed

By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. the south and center of Italy were inhabited by Italic peoples, one of which were the Latins. The Latins formed the Latin Union, which included 30 civitas, the governing bodies of each of which were the people's assembly (comitia or consilia), the council of elders (curia or senate) and leaders (rex). According to Latin legends, initially the strongest civitas was Laurent, then Lavinia became stronger, then Alba Longa, and in the 6th century Rome became the strongest civitas of the union