Biomedical sciences

Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix as cells grow out of control. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the va**na. Women are at high risk of getting cervical cancer, it occurs most often in people over the age of 30 as long lasting infection with a certain strain of human papillomavirus worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer in Zambia globally with 65.5 cases per 100,000 women and 43.4 deaths per 100,000 women recorded according to WHO.

Cervical cancer starts in the cells on the surface of the cervix. There are two most common types of cells on the surface of the cervix, squamous and columnar (gland cells).
Squamous cell carcinoma: It is the most common type of cervical cancer which develops from the flat cells that cover the outer surface of the cervix at the top of the va**na.
Adenocarcinoma: This type of cervical cancer develops from the glandular cells that line the cervical canal (endocervix). As adenocarcinoma starts in the cervical canal, it can be more challenging detecting with cervical screening tests.Most cervical cancers are from squamous cells. Cervical cancer usually develops slowly It starts as a precancerous condition called dysplasia. This condition can be detected by a Pap smear and is nearly 100% treatable. It can take years for dysplasia to develop into cervical cancer. Most women who are diagnosed with cervical cancer today have not had regular Pap smears, or they have not followed up on abnormal Pap smear results.

Almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus that is spread through skin-to-skin contact and also by s*xual in*******se. There are many different types (strains) of HPV while HPV16 is the main cause of cervical cancer and HPV18 in certain cases🦠 Some strains lead to cervical as well as other cancers. Other strains can cause ge***al warts. Others do not cause any problems at all.

A woman's s*xual habits and patterns can increase her risk for developing cervical cancer. Risky s*xual practices include:

Having s*x at an early age
Having multiple s*xual partners
Having a partner or many partners who take part in high-risk s*xual activities
Other risk factors for cervical cancer include:
Not getting the HPV vaccine
Being economically disadvantaged
Having a mother who took the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy in the early 1960s to prevent miscarriage
uncircumcised men increases the chances of women getting cervical cancer💯
Men are carriers of human papillomavirus strain 16 and 18 that causes cervical cancer ♋️

in the air

URINALYSIS

Bile solubility test