Zambia Health & Beauty Desk

BREAST CANCER - IS NOT ONLY TREATABLE BUT NOW CURABLE

In times past, a doctor would tell a woman with breast cancer that her only hope lay in a radical mastectomy - a disfiguring operation that removed the breast, lymph nodes in the chest and armpit, and chest muscles. Chemotherapy or radiation treatments often prolonged the ordeal. Understandably, many dreaded the “cure” more than the disease.

The battle against breast cancer has been an ongoing struggle between the need to treat a killer aggressively and the desire to avoid needless disfigurement and painful side effects. Today, breast cancer patients may have a range of treatment options. And a steady stream of medical studies and media reports hold out hope that breakthrough treatments, predictive tests, and protective diets will finally conquer the disease.

Despite medical advances, however, breast cancer remains a leading cause of female cancer death. The industrialized countries of North America and Western Europe have high incidences of cancer, but numbers are rising in Asia and Africa, which have historically had lower incidences. Moreover, death rates among those diagnosed in Asia and Africa are higher. Why? “Early detection is negligible,” said a doctor in Africa. “Most patients come to us when they are already in an advanced state.”

Risk increases with age. Some 80 percent of cases are in women over 50. But the good news is that breast cancer is one of the most treatable cancers. Indeed, 97 percent of women whose early-stage breast cancer is localized are still alive five years after diagnosis.

BREAST CANCER BASICS

Breast cancer is often detected as a strange lump. Fortunately, though, about 80 percent of such lumps are benign, or self-contained, many simply being fluid-filled sacks called cysts.

Breast cancer begins with a renegade cell that divides uncontrollably, gradually forming a tumor. A tumor turns malignant, or cancerous, when its cells invade other tissues. Some tumors grow quickly; others may take up to ten years before they are detected.

To test for cancer, some doctors use a thin needle to take a tissue sample from the patient' lump that contains cancer cells. A surgery has to be carried out to remove the tumor and the surrounding breast tissue and to determine the tumor’s stage (size, type, and spread) and grade (speed of growth).

After surgery, many patients have additional treatments aimed at preventing the recurrence or spread of the cancer. Cancer cells can break away from a tumor, travel through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system, and start growing again. The spread, or metastasis, of cancer to vital organs and tissues—the brain, the liver, the bone marrow, or the lungs—is what turns the disease deadly.

Advances in breast cancer treatment offer other options to patients according to their age, health, cancer history, and the individual cancer.
Much is known about the growth of breast cancer, but a basic question continues, Why and how does breast cancer start?

THE CAUSES?

The causes of breast cancer remain a puzzle. Critics say that more research is done on treatment and screening—which reap big profits—than on causes and prevention. Still, scientists have unearthed important clues. Some believe that breast cancer results from a complex, multistep process, beginning with a faulty gene that causes cells to misbehave—to divide furiously, to invade other tissue, to evade capture by immune cells, and to launch stealthy attacks on vital organs.

Where do errant genes come from? In between 5 and 10 percent of cases, women are born with genes that predispose them to breast cancer. But it seems that in many cases, healthy genes are damaged by outside agents—radiation and chemicals being among the prime suspects.

Another link includes the hormone estrogen, which appears to stimulate certain breast cancers. Hence, a woman’s risk may be raised if she began menstruating very early in life or went into menopause later than normal, if she had a late first pregnancy or no pregnancy at all, or if she had hormone replacement therapy. Because fat cells produce estrogen, obesity may increase risk in postmenopausal women, whose ovaries have stopped producing hormones. Other risk factors include high levels of the hormone insulin and low levels of the sleep hormone melatonin, a condition often affecting night workers.

Are more-effective, less-traumatic treatments for breast cancer on the horizon? Researchers are developing therapies that involve using the body’s own immune system and drugs that target the molecular pathways that support cancer growth.

Scientists are also fighting on other fronts, including unlocking the mystery of metastasis, outwitting chemoresistant cancer cells, disrupting cellular-growth signals, and tailoring treatment to individual tumors.

The good news is that Nature's Way company in the USA, a pioneer in the natural health supplements has been producing advanced and high quality health products, which have and still curing many breast cancer patients around the globe, who are taking them. In its quest to help improve global health, Natures Way allocates $25m annually for research and development of superb products. The number of breast cancer patients/problem will continue to reduce drastically because of global awareness.

If you are battling with breast cancer, you are not without hope.

SICKLE - CELL ANEMIA

A PROBLEM IN THE BLOOD

To understand the disorder, we need to know what blood does and how it moves through the body. An illustration helps. Imagine a country that depends on imported food to feed people living in rural villages. Trucks drive to the capital city where they are loaded with food.

They leave the city along major highways, but as they enter the rural areas, the roads narrow.
If everything goes well, the trucks reach their destination, drop off their food, and then return to the city to collect more food for the next delivery. If many of the trucks break down, however, the food spoils and other trucks are blocked from passing. Then the people in the villages have little to eat.

In like manner, the red cells in the blood travel to the lungs where they pick up a supply of oxygen—food for the body. They then leave the lungs and travel swiftly through major arteries to all parts of the body. Eventually, the “roads” become so small that the red cells can move only in single file through tiny blood vessels. It is there that they deposit their load of oxygen, which feeds the cells of the body.

A normal red blood cell is round like a coin and moves through the smallest blood vessels quite easily. But in people who have sickle-cell anemia, the blood cells break down. They lose their round shape and take the form of a banana or a sickle—a farmer’s implement. These sickled blood cells get stuck in the small veins of the body, like a truck in the mud, blocking other red blood cells from passing. When the flow of blood to a part of the body is reduced, the oxygen supply is cut off and the result is a painful crisis.

A typical sickle-cell crisis results in excruciating pain in bones and joints. Crises are unpredictable; they can occur rarely or as often as every month. When they do occur, they are distressing to both child and parent. Ihunde is a nurse who works at the sickle-cell center. “It is not easy to manage a sickler child,” she says. “I know, because my daughter has the disorder. The pain comes suddenly. She screams and cries, and I cry. Only after two or three days, maybe after a week, will the pain subside.”

SYMPTOMS OF SICKLE-CELL

Symptoms often appear after the child reaches the age of six months. One of the first signs is painful swelling of the hands or the feet or both. The child may cry frequently and not eat much. The whites of the eyes may appear yellow. The tongue, lips, and palms may be paler than normal. Children showing these symptoms should be taken to a hospital, where a blood test can show if the problem is sickle-cell anemia.

When sickled cells clog blood vessels, pain most commonly affects the joints. A severe crisis can also disrupt the work of the brain, the lungs, the heart, the kidneys, and the spleen—sometimes with fatal consequences. Leg ulcers in the ankle region may persist for years. Children risk seizures or strokes. Those with sickle-cell anemia are especially prone to infectious diseases, since the disorder weakens natural defenses. Infection is a common cause of death.

Of course, not everyone with sickle-cell anemia develops all these symptoms. And some do not experience problems until they reach their late teens.

TREATMENT

When a crisis occurs, parents should give their child plenty of water to drink. They can also give a mild pain-relieving drug. Severe pain may require stronger drugs that can be obtained only from a doctor. Sadly, though, sometimes even powerful drugs bring little relief. There is no need to panic, however. In almost all cases, after a few hours or days, the pain subsides and the patient recovers.
Scientists are searching for drugs to help treat the disorder. Early in 1995, for example, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in the United States announced that the drug hydroxyurea reduced by half the frequency of painful crises in sickle-cell patients. It is thought to do this by preventing red blood cells from changing their shape and clogging the blood vessels.

Such drugs are not readily available everywhere, nor are they helpful in every situation. And despite the well-known dangers, doctors in Africa and elsewhere regularly administer blood transfusions to treat sickle-cell patients in emergency situations.

PREVENTION OF CRISES

If you are a parent having a child with that disorder, take these necessary steps such as water therapy and a balanced diet reinforced by multivitamins and folic acid. Water makes it easier for blood to flow in the vessels of the body.
Adults with sickle-cell anemia should drink three to four quarts of water every day. Children, of course, will drink less. Teach your children with sickle-cell anemia to carry water bottles to school. Teachers also should understand that these children may more often ask to be excused to relieve themselves. Parents should know that these children might wet their beds more often than those who do not have the disorder.

Since illness can cause a dangerous crisis, those with sickle-cell anemia need to work hard to maintain good health. They can do this by maintaining personal cleanliness, by avoiding prolonged strenuous activity, and by eating a balanced diet of good food. Doctors also recommend that the diet be reinforced by multivitamins and folic acid.

In areas where malaria is common, those with sickle-cell anemia are wise to protect themselves, both by avoiding mosquito bites and by taking drugs to protect against the disease. Since malaria destroys red blood cells, it can be particularly dangerous to a person with sickle-cell anemia.

Those with sickle-cell anemia should also have regular medical checkups. Any infections, illnesses, or injuries should receive prompt medical attention. By carefully following such guidelines, it is possible for many with sickle-cell anemia to live normal, happy lives.

HOW IT IS PASSED ON TO CHILDREN

To understand how the disease is passed on from parents to their children, we need to know about blood genotypes. A blood genotype is different from a blood group; a genotype has to do with the genes. Most people have a blood genotype called AA. Those who inherit an A gene from one parent and an S gene from the other parent have an AS blood genotype.

People with AS blood do not have sickle-cell anemia, but they can pass the disorder on to their offspring. People who inherit an S gene from one parent and another S gene from the other parent have an SS blood genotype, the genotype of sickle-cell anemia.

Thus, for a child to inherit SS-type blood, he or she must inherit the defective S gene from each parent. Just as it takes two people to have a baby, it takes two people to pass on sickle-cell anemia. Usually, the disorder is passed on when both parents have AS-type blood. When a person with AS-type blood marries another person with AS-type blood, there is a 1 in 4 chance that any child born to them will have SS-type blood.

This does not mean that if they have four children, one will have sickle-cell anemia and the other three will not. While it might be that one of the four is SS, it could also happen that two, three, or even all four of them are SS. It could also happen that none of the children are SS.

INFORMED DECISIONS BEFORE MARRIAGE

People of African descent are wise to find out what their blood genotype is long before they consider marriage. This can be done by a blood test. People who have AA blood can be assured that none of their children will develop sickle-cell anemia, no matter whom they marry.

Those who have AS blood should understand that if they marry a person who also has AS blood, they run a high risk of producing a child that will have sickle-cell anemia.

Many doctors strongly discourage AS from marrying AS, No one can predict for sure that children born to an AS couple will have SS blood, since that is a matter of chance. Even if they do have an SS child, that child may tolerate the disorder without too many problems. Endeavor to know your genotype so that you could try in advance to be aware of what could happen if you will do have SS children, it will be no surprise. That way, you will be in a position not only to make decisions based on knowledge of the facts but to prepare yourself mentally to accept the consequences of the decisions you make about a marriage partner.

WHAT YOU SHOULD NO ABOUT - RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

IN THE CASE OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS(RA), THE BODY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM LAUNCHES AN ALL ATTACK ON ITS JOINTS. FOR SOME UNKNOWN REASON, A LARGE VOLUME OF BLOOD CELLS - INCLUDING T CELLS, WHICH ARE KEY PLAYERS IN THE BODY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM-RUSHES INTO JOINT CAVITIES. THIS TRIGGERS THE CASCADE OF CHEMICAL EVENTS THAT RESULT IN THE JOINT BECOMING INFLAMED.

THE SYNOVIAL CELLS MAY BEGIN TO PROFELIRATE UNCONTROLLABLY, FORMING A TUMORLIKE MASS OF TISSUES CALLED A PANNUS. THE PANNUS IN TURN, PRODUCES DESTRUCTIVE ENZYMES THAT DESTROY THE CARTILAGE. BONE SURFACES MAY NOW STICK TOGETHER, CAUSING RESTRICTED MOTION - AND EXCRUCIATING PAIN. THIS DESTRUCTIVE PROCESS ALSO WEAKENS THE LIGAMENTS, THE TENDONS, AND THE MUSCLES, CAUSING THE JOINT TO BECOME UNSTABLE AND PARTICIALLY DISLOCATED, OFTEN TIMES LEAVING A DEFORMED APPEARANCE.

USUALLY RA AFFECTS JOINTS IN A SYMMETRICAL PATTERN, AFFLICTING THE WRISTS, KNEES, AND FEET. UPWARD OF 65% OF INDIVIDUALS DIAGNOSED WITH RA ALSO DEVELOP NODULES OR BUMPS UNDER THE SKIN. SOME DEVELOP ANEMIA AND DRY, PAINFUL EYES AND THROAT. FATIGUE AND FLULIKE SYMPTOMS, INCLUDING FEVER AND ACHING MUSCLES, ACCOMPANY RA.

RA IS HIGHLY VARIABLE IN EFFECT, ONSET, AND DURATION. IN ONE PERSON THE PAIN AND STIFFNESS MAY COME ON SLOWLY OVER A PERIOD OF WEEKS OR EVEN YEARS. FIR ANOTHER, THE ONSET MAY BE QUITE SUDDEN. FOR SOME PEOPLE, RA LASTS FOR A MONTH AND THEN LEAVES WITHOUT NOTICEABLE DAMAGE. OTHERS MAY EXPERIENCE PERIODS OF WORSENING SYMPTOMS CALLED FLARES, FOLLOWED BY PERIODS OF REMISSION DURING WHICH THEY FEEL BETTER. AND IN SOME PATIENTS THE DISEASE CONTINUES ACTIVE FOR MANY YEARS, RELENTLESSLY DISABLING THEM.

WHO ARE AT RISK FOR RA?

1. ITS COMMON IN WOMEN IN THEIR MIDDLE YEARS.

2. ANYONE AT AN AGE INCLUSIVE OF CHILDREN AND MEN.

3. SMOKERS

4. OBESITY PEOPLE AND

5. THOSE WITH HISTORY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS - ITS MORE DEADLY.

What Is Arthritis? (Credit To: CV Designer)

Arthritis is very common but is not well understood. Actually, “arthritis” is not a single disease; it is an informal way of referring to joint pain or joint disease. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis and related conditions. People of all ages, sexes and races can and do have arthritis, and it is the leading cause of disability in America. More than 50 million adults and 300,000 children have some type of arthritis. It is most common among women and occurs more frequently as people get older.

Common arthritis joint symptoms include:
swelling, pain, stiffness and decreased range of motion.
Symptoms may come and go.They can be mild, moderate or severe. They may stay about the same for years, but may progress or get worse over time.
Severe arthritis can result in chronic pain, inability to do daily activities and make it difficult to walk or climb stairs. Arthritis can cause permanent joint changes. These changes may be visible, such as knobby finger joints, but often the damage can only be seen on X-ray. Some types of arthritis also affect the heart, eyes, lungs, kidneys and skin as well as the joints...

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- Swelling of feet, hands and face
- Unexplained high Blood Pressure
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- Dizziness & tiredness
- Low Back Pain
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